What _____ at 10 o’clock last night?

Выберите один ответ:

a. have you done

b. have you been doing

c. were you doing

d. had you done

If I _______ you, I’d go home.

Выберите один ответ:

a. am

b. were

c. will be

d. would be

Read the text about judicial profession in England and answer the questions to the text:

In England there are two classes of lawyers: Solicitors and Barristers. Solicitors are lawyers who took legal business for ordinary people. Their business is to give advice to non-professional clients and to prepare all the necessary documents for the barrister. It’s the barrister who conducts the case in the higher courts. Barristers can be distinguished from a solicitor because they wear a wig and gown in court. A barrister has some educational standards. A barrister must pass the special legal exams and become a member of a legal corporation called “Inn of Court”. There are four Inns of Court. Barristers are either “juniors” or “King’s (Queen’s)”. When a barrister becomes Q.C. he ‘takes silk”. It means that he can wear a silk gown. Participating in a trial, a barrister may be counsel for the plaintiff (counsel for the prosecution) or counsel for the defendant (counsel for the defence). All serious crimes are tried in a superior court before a jury. Most men and women between the ages of 21 and 60 can be jurors. According to English Law the jury is to return only one of two verdicts – Guilty or Not Guilty. The judges are not elected in England as they do it in Russia. The judges are appointed from the barrister. The judge’s function are to conduct the proceedings, put questions to parties and witnesses, examine the documents and evidence and to pass the sentence.

What’s the basic difference between a Solicitor and a Barrister?

Выберите один ответ:

a. a barrister mainly defends people in court and a solicitor mainly performs legal work outside court

b. they are the same but a solicitor is a bit more junior than a barrister

c. the professional qualification of solicitor is higher than the one of a barrister

d. Barristers can be distinguished from a solicitor because they wear a wig and gown in court

He ______ be rich. He never has any money.

Выберите один ответ:

a. can’t

b. could

c. may not

d. must

a sum of money that you owe somebody

Выберите один ответ:

a. obligation

b. credit

c. duty

d. debt

a system or occasion of secret voting:

Выберите один ответ:

a. polling

b. vote

c. ballot

d. division

Read the text “English Criminal Law” and choose the right variant according to the text:

A crime according to the doctrine of the Common Law, is made up of an outward act and the state of mind of the criminal. He must have a guilty mind or mens rea, in addition to committing the physical act which is forbidden. This doctrine of mens rea is still of importance, particularly in some Common Law crimes, but in many statutory crimes it has ceased to be of much significance. Every crime, it may be said, has its own kind of guilty mind. This clearly exists if the intention is to commit the criminal act, knowing it to be such. But every person is taken to intend the probable consequences of his act and so a person who treats another so violently that he jumps out of a window to escape and is killed by the fall is guilty of murder. Sometimes mens rea may take the form of negligence or mental inadvertence, as in manslaughter by neglect. This phrase doesn’t imply that murder can be committed only if it is premeditated. An act is said in the criminal law to be done maliciously if it is done intentionally without a just cause for excuse.

What is a crime as the doctrine of the Common Law says?

Выберите один ответ:

a. it’s an illegal act

b. it’s the state of mind of the criminal

c. it’s both committing the physical act which is forbidden and the guilty mind of the criminal

d. it’s an outward act

_______ you lend me some money, please?

Выберите один ответ:

a. Could

b. Must

c. Will

d. Shall

_________ in Central Africa, the explorers got acquainted with the customs of its peoples

Выберите один ответ:

a. Being travelled

b. Travelled

c. Travelling

d. Having travelled

He _________ this case even if he ________ .

Выберите один ответ:

a. is taking; are asking

b. wouldn’t have taken; weren’t asked

c. took; were asked

d. will take; will ask

The maximum penalty for the offence is a $1000 _______ .

Выберите один ответ:

a. parole

b. probation

c. fine

d. community service

Our new furniture ______ yet.

Выберите один ответ:

a. wasn’t delivered

b. must be delivered

c. hasn’t been delivered

d. isn’t delivered

What is . “intent”?

Выберите один ответ:

a. ответственность

b. преступный умысел

c. нечестный поступок

d. нелегальная деятельность

Read the text “English Criminal Law” and choose the right variant according to the text:

A crime according to the doctrine of the Common Law, is made up of an outward act and the state of mind of the criminal. He must have a guilty mind or mens rea, in addition to committing the physical act which is forbidden. This doctrine of mens rea is still of importance, particularly in some Common Law crimes, but in many statutory crimes it has ceased to be of much significance. Every crime, it may be said, has its own kind of guilty mind. This clearly exists if the intention is to commit the criminal act, knowing it to be such. But every person is taken to intend the probable consequences of his act and so a person who treats another so violently that he jumps out of a window to escape and is killed by the fall is guilty of murder. Sometimes mens rea may take the form of negligence or mental inadvertence, as in manslaughter by neglect. This phrase doesn’t imply that murder can be committed only if it is premeditated. An act is said in the criminal law to be done maliciously if it is done intentionally without a just cause for excuse.

What does the word combination “manslaughter by neglect” mean?

Выберите один ответ:

a. deliberate and intentional killing

b. unplanned wrongdoing

c. not deliberate or considered; unintentional killing

d. innocent offense

Ты напрасно сделала это упражнение.

Выберите один ответ:

a. You mustn’t have done this exercise.

b. You didn’t have to do this exercise.

c. You didn’t need to do this exercise.

d. You needn’t have done this exercise.

She said _________ if my mother __________ me to spend a moth with them.

Выберите один ответ:

a. was pleased; allows

b. would be pleased; allowed

c. would have been pleased; would allow

d. will be pleased; will allow

Должно быть они не приняли никаких мер вовремя.

Выберите один ответ:

a. They might have taken no measures in time.

b. They must have taken no measures in time.

c. They might not take no measures in time.

d. They must not take no measures in time.

What can be referred to legal systems of the world?

Выберите один ответ:

a. civil law system, common law system

b. common law system, religious system, customary law system

c. customary law system, mixed systems, socialist law system

d. civil law system, common law system, religious system, customary law system, mixed systems, socialist law system

_______ you study, you’ll fail the test.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Unless

b. Provided that

c. If

d. As long as

What is “a plea bargain”?

Выберите один ответ:

a. мольба о признании невиновности

b. заявление подсудимого

c. сделка о признании вины

d. жалоба на сделку

I couldn’t take my car. It _______ .

Выберите один ответ:

a. was being repaired

b. are being repaired

c. has been repaired

d. was repaired

Provided you ______ still, the bee won’t sting you.

Выберите один ответ:

a. stayed

b. would stay

c. will stay

d. stay

Read the text “English Criminal Law” and choose the right variant according to the text:

A crime according to the doctrine of the Common Law, is made up of an outward act and the state of mind of the criminal. He must have a guilty mind or mens rea, in addition to committing the physical act which is forbidden. This doctrine of mens rea is still of importance, particularly in some Common Law crimes, but in many statutory crimes it has ceased to be of much significance. Every crime, it may be said, has its own kind of guilty mind. This clearly exists if the intention is to commit the criminal act, knowing it to be such. But every person is taken to intend the probable consequences of his act and so a person who treats another so violently that he jumps out of a window to escape and is killed by the fall is guilty of murder. Sometimes mens rea may take the form of negligence or mental inadvertence, as in manslaughter by neglect. This phrase doesn’t imply that murder can be committed only if it is premeditated. An act is said in the criminal law to be done maliciously if it is done intentionally without a just cause for excuse.

What does the Latin expression “mens rea” mean?

Выберите один ответ:

a. a particular burglar

b. any smuggler

c. an innocent person

d. a guilty mind

He hasn’t left the office ______ .

Выберите один ответ:

a. just

b. before

c. yet

d. already

hat is “бремя доказывания” in English?

Выберите один ответ:

a. burden of proof

b. guilty plea

c. plea bargain

d. probable cause

Должно быть, они не обедали.

Выберите один ответ:

a. They must have had no dinner.

b. They must have no dinner.

c. They might have had no dinner.

d. They might have no dinner.

someone whose job is to advise people about laws, write formal documents or represent people in court

Выберите один ответ:

a. a jurist

b. a lawyer

c. a legal adviser

d. a solicitor

______ I speak to Mr. Shaw, please.

Выберите один ответ:

a. May

b. Might

c. Am able to

d. Must

Не может быть, чтобы он не получил моего письма.

Выберите один ответ:

a. He can never have got my letter.

b. He couldn’t get my letter.

c. He can never get my letter.

d. He could never have got my letter.

In Russia charges against the President can be brought by _______ .

Выберите один ответ:

a. the Deputy Chairman.

b. the Government.

c. the State Duma the Government.

d. the Rime-Minister

What is “liability”?

Выберите один ответ:

a. обязательство

b. лояльность

c. долг

d. ответственность

But for his sore throat he _______ at the meeting.

Выберите один ответ:

a. will speak

b. would have spoken

c. is speaking

d. spoke

My bag _____ yesterday.

Выберите один ответ:

a. stole

b. was stolen

c. had been stolen

d. is stolen

Все слова в тексте были настолько хорошо мне знакомы, что мне незачем было пользоваться словарём.

Выберите один ответ:

a. All the words in the text were so well known to me that I did not need to use a dictionary.

b. All the words in the text were so well known to me that I needn’t have used a dictionary.

c. All the words in the text were so well known to me that I need not use a dictionary.

d. All the words in the text were so well known to me that I did not have to use a dictionary.

Вы, должно быть, с ним уже поговорили. Я вижу, вы всё знаете.

Выберите один ответ:

a. You might a have already spoken to him. I see you know everything.

b. You must already have spoken to him. I see you know everything.

c. You must already speak to him. I see you know everything.

d. You are already to speak to him. I see you know everything.

I wish I _______ how to drive a car in 1975.

Выберите один ответ:

a. know

b. knew

c. am knowing

d. had known

the party that starts or carries out civil proceedings. It is usually a private citizen or a company.

Выберите один ответ:

a. a plaintiff

b. a defendant

c. a neighbour

d. an owner

an official court decision on the case

Выберите один ответ:

a. verdict

b. sentence

c. estimation

d. judgment

But for the accident he ______ a record.

Выберите один ответ:

a. would have set

b. will have set

c. sets

d. has set

But for her voice she _____ a good actress.

Выберите один ответ:

a. is

b. was

c. would be

d. will be

What kind of punishments given below is not available to the courts?

Выберите один ответ:

a. community service

b. overtime work

c. a fine

d. probation

d) term of imprisonment

If it ______ all the same to me, I _________ with you.

Выберите один ответ:

a. would be; would have come and talked

b. will be; wouldn’t come and talk

c. is; came and talked

d. had been; wouldn’t have come and talked

Civil law is a law __________to the rights and duties of individuals, organizations, and associations (such as companies, trade unions, and charities) as opposed to criminal law. 2.

Выберите один ответ:

a. being related

b. relating

c. related

d. having related

Russia is __________.

Выберите один ответ:

a. a constitutional monarchy.

b. parliamentary republic.

c. a presidential republic.

d. a totalitarian republic.

The book is not on the shelf. Jane _____ it now.

Выберите один ответ:

a. can read

b. may read

c. must read

d. must be reading

Each of the documents _____ countersigned.

Выберите один ответ:

a. was

b. are being

c. were being

d. were

She has three diplomas, _____ she is very young. She _____ studied very hard.

Выберите один ответ:

a. nevertheless, --

b. although, must have

c. in spite of, might have

d. though, can’t have

Read the text (P. 92-93) and complete the sentences and answer the questions according to the text: For electoral purposes Britain is divided into _______ .

Выберите один ответ:

a. different areas

b. 543 electoral districts of roughly equal size

c. five electoral groups along continental lines instead of oceanic divisions for the purposes of election to the Executive Council.

d. parliamentary constituencies.

he studied his face in the mirror. He ____ to get a shave and a shower, and if he could, a sleep, before he ____ back to the hospital.

Выберите один ответ:

a. had, went

b. must, goes

c. wanted, will go

d. ought, would go

All of a sudden he realized the full force of what he ______ .

Выберите один ответ:

a. had been told

b. had been being told

c. has said

d. had told

It ___ that we _____ to prevent cancer soon.

Выберите один ответ:

a. is thinking, are

b. is thought, shall be able

c. was thought, must

d. thinks, shall be able

Father ____ wait ___- me this morning, I can go to town in George’s car.

Выберите один ответ:

a. doesn’t need, for

b. mustn’t, --

c. needn’t, for

d. shouldn’t, to

Each of the projects _________ properly by the Chief Executive Officer, but neither of them ___________.

Выберите один ответ:

a. had considered; are approved

b. was considered; was approved

c. were considered; were approved

d. have considered; had been approved

Read the text (P. 92-93) and complete the sentences and answer the questions according to the text: The essence of common law is_______.

Выберите один ответ:

a. the courts’ constitutional role is simply to divine and give effect to parliament’s intention

b. the law that was developed by the three common Laws at Westminster

c. that law is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge of legal precedent to the facts before them

d. to be a successful instrument of social control.

The ring is lovely, thank you. But you ____ all that money.

Выберите один ответ:

a. needn’t spend

b. shouldn’t have spent

c. mustn’t have spent

d. can’t spend

Can’t you see? You _____ , that’s all.

Выберите один ответ:

a. are being made a fool of

b. are making a fool

c. made a fool of

d. had made a fool of

Read the text (P. 92-93) and complete the sentences and answer the questions according to the text: The constitution of the United Kingdom is made up of _________ .

Выберите один ответ:

a. seven articles, delineates the national frame of government

b. a variety of different sources

c. constitutional conventions and various elements of statutory law

d. decisions of courts, political practices and the treaties that form the EU.

She had an uncomfortable feeling that she _______ and it pleased her.

Выберите один ответ:

a. was looking at

b. was being looked at

c. is looked at

d. is looked at

In Russia the power to impeach the President is vested in …

Выберите один ответ:

a. the State Duma.

b. the Federation Council.

c. both Cambers of the parliament

d. the Constitutional Court.

Judges have different titles ________ on their experience, training and level.

Выберите один ответ:

a. depending

b. having depended

c. being depended

d. depended

The police _____ that the door was open. It ____ open. I had locked it myself and the key was in my pocket.

Выберите один ответ:

a. said, can’t be

b. says, couldn’t have been

c. has said, couldn’t be

d. say, can’t have been

What is Civil Law?

Выберите один ответ:

a. A type of legal system, often synonymous with “English common law”, which is the system of England and Wales in the UK.

b. It is the legal foundation on which normal business dealings are conducted.

c. The most widespread legal system of the world, applied in various forms in approximately 150 countries.

d. The law which governs the conduct of independent nations in their relationships

_____ the coffe4, he lit a cigarette, ______ how unsteady his hand ______ .

Выберите один ответ:

a. finished, noticed, was

b. On finishing, having been notices, was

c. Finishing , noticing, was

d. having finished, having noticed, is

What branch of the US Government has the responsibility to carry out the law?

Выберите один ответ:

a. the executive branch

b. the judicial branch

c. the independent branch

d. the legislative branch

“It’s a sad story. We ____ to be married, but he _____ in a car crash.”

Выберите один ответ:

a. wanted, killed

b. are going, has been killed

c. were, was killed

d. ought, was killed

The manuscript _______ in the 15-th century.

Выберите один ответ:

a. was believed must have written

b. believed to be written

c. has believed to have been written

d. is believed to have been written

What does the Constitution of the USA consist of?

Выберите один ответ:

a. a Preamble, seven Articles, twenty seven Amendments

b. one hundred and thirty seven articles

c. a Preamble, ten Articles, thirty Amendments

d. statutes, customs, constitutional conventions

Task to the text (P.123) something (such as a judgment) which has happened earlier than the present and which can be a guide to what should be done in the present case.

Выберите один ответ:

a. legal precedent

b. previous example

c. prior case

d. preceding model

You _________ about such things in the child’s presence. Now you see the results.

Выберите один ответ:

a. didn’t have to say

b. must say

c. shouldn’t have said

d. should say

If they had been warned in tome, they _________ there by now.

Выберите один ответ:

a. have to be

b. mustn’t be

c. should have been

d. must be

Read the text (P. 92-93) and complete the sentences and answer the questions according to the text: General elections take place on _______ .

Выберите один ответ:

a. Polling Day

b. Sunday

c. weekend

d. a Thursday

Has your brother returned from London today? – I don’t know, I ----- him, I left for work very early today.

Выберите один ответ:

a. can’t have seen

b. may not have seen

c. didn’t use to see

d. must not have seen

The Parliament Of Russian federation consists of …

Выберите один ответ:

a. the senate and the chamber of Representatives

b. several committees.

c. two chambers.

d. one branch only.

You ____ the house from there if it had not been so dark.

Выберите один ответ:

a. could have seen

b. would be able to see

c. could see

d. must have seen

How many legal systems are there in the world

Выберите один ответ:

a. more than 300

b. more than 100

c. about 200

d. much more than 200

She telephoned to know where the meeting ______ .

Выберите один ответ:

a. might be held

b. would be held

c. will be held

d. would hold

_________ about the existing legal systems we should mention the international law as a comparatively new legal community.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Spoken

b. Having spoken

c. Being spoken

d. Speaking

She has taught at a school in the north of England and at two schools in Germany, and _____ to be an excellent teacher.

Выберите один ответ:

a. is believed

b. had been believed

c. has believed

d. is believing

The Prime Minister _____ at three o’clock. But he didn;I turn up till five.

Выберите один ответ:

a. was expecting

b. had expected

c. was being except

d. was expected

Thank you. You took good care of little Tom while we were away. I realize that he was not always as good a boy as he _______.

Выберите один ответ:

a. might have been

b. ought be

c. must have been

d. should to be

What sort of research ______ , and who will be doing it?

Выберите один ответ:

a. will be done

b. will have done

c. will be being done

d. has done

Nancy looked displeased and ____ me she ______ to fetch the breakfast tray.

Выберите один ответ:

a. told, had been sent

b. told to, had sent

c. said to, has been sent

d. said, was sent

Read the text (P. 92-93) and complete the sentences and answer the questions according to the text: The United Kingdom’s supreme legislative body is _______ .

Выберите один ответ:

a. The UK Parliament

b. The UK Congress

c. The UK Senate

d. The House of Lords

The Security Council of Russia is headed by …

Выберите один ответ:

a. the Procurator-General.

b. the Prime Minister.

c. the President.

d. the Head the Higher Arbitration Court

How many branches is the US Government in the United States divided into?

Выберите один ответ:

a. four

b. five

c. two

d. three two

You can see that this glass ____ .

Выберите один ответ:

a. has used

b. has been used

c. has been being used

d. is using

.(Task to the text P.123) group of people or military troops who attack foreign territories in order to join them to their lands.

Выберите один ответ:

a. conquerors

b. winners

c. invaders

d. enemies

Even nowadays one can see that a top hat ______ at weddings.

Выберите один ответ:

a. is often wearing

b. is sometimes being wearing

c. has worn

d. is sometimes worn

She _____ me and then I could have helped her.

Выберите один ответ:

a. must have told

b. may tell

c. should have told

d. should tell

What does the US judicial branch do?

Выберите один ответ:

a. interprets and applies US laws

b. selects, supports and implements laws

c. executes, enforces and administers laws

d. makes and passes laws

Peter ___ in Australia yet. He left only last week.

Выберите один ответ:

a. hadn’t arrived

b. mustn’t have arrived

c. can’t have arrived

d. can’t arrive

Должно быть, она не имела опыта.

Выберите один ответ:

a. She mustn’t have any experience.

b. She must have had no experience.

c. She might have had no experience.

d. She must have no experience.

Who gets money by threatening to disclose personal information?

Выберите один ответ:

a. robber

b. burglar

c. gambler

d. blackmailer

Ты мог бы остаться дома хотя бы на один вечер.

Выберите один ответ:

a. You may stay at home for a night.

b. You might have stayed at home for a night.

c. You might stay at home for a night.

d. You could stay at home for a night.

If you ________ me, I _________ you safely through.

Выберите один ответ:

a. had trusted; couldn’t have led

b. trusted; led

c. hadn’t trusted; lead

d. will trust; am leading

Должно быть, он не дал ответа.

Выберите один ответ:

a. He might give no answer.

b. He mustn’t give any answer.

c. He might have given no answer.

d. He must have given no answer.

What is not the difference between tort law and criminal law?

Выберите один ответ:

a. the purposes

b. the outcomes

c. the parties involved

d. the standard of proof

She _________ how to behave if she ______ a born lady.

Выберите один ответ:

a. would have known; were

b. knows; hadn’t been

c. wouldn’t have known; had been

d. knew; would be

Is it a crime to have more than one wife at the same time?

Выберите один ответ:

a. It’s not the crime at all.

b. It’s not the crime but it’s immoral.

c. It depends upon the country

d. It’s wrongdoing but depends upon person’s culture and nurture.

Someone _________ if she ________ the letter.

Выберите один ответ:

a. might notice ; will open

b. have noticed; would open

c. might be noticed; open

d. might have noticed; had opened

Are the standards of proof the same in a criminal case and in a civil one?

Выберите один ответ:

a. Yes, they are same.

b. The standards of proof are higher in a criminal case than in a civil one.

Он вышел из воды, улыбаясь. «Тебе бы следовало выйти раньше», - сказала она.

Выберите один ответ:

a. He came out of the water, smiling. “You should come earlier,” she said.

b. He came out of the water, smiling. “You should have come earlier,” she said.

c. He came out of the water, smiling. “You might come earlier,” she said.

d. He came out of the water, smiling. “You must have come earlier,” she said.

Can he have told the truth then?

Выберите один ответ:

a. Так неужели он сказал правду?

b. Может, он сказал правду?

c. Тогда он сказал правду?

d. Может он говорить правду?

I wish today ________ a holiday.

Выберите один ответ:

a. will be

b. was

c. were

d. would be

Наверняка он не сделал ни одной ошибки.

Выберите один ответ:

a. He must make no mistake.

b. He might not make a mistake.

c. He must have made no mistake.

d. He might have made any mistake.

I don’t believe that they didn’t recognize you. They ___________ you.

Выберите один ответ:

a. needn’t have failed to recognize

b. can’t have failed to recognize

c. mightn’t have failed to recognize

d. mustn’t have failed to recognize

I don’t believe it. He _________ the letter but the signature is certainly not his.

Выберите один ответ:

a. wasn’t able to write

b. can have written

c. has to write

d. must have written

If he ________ us that himself I never _________ that.

Выберите один ответ:

a. would tell; wouldn’t believe

b. tell; will believe

c. is telling; believe

d. hadn’t told; wouldn’t have believed

Choose the right translation of “reasonable grounds”

Выберите один ответ:

a. достаточные основания

b. отмена решения суда

c. заявление о своей невиновности

d. наличие более веских доказательств

The state of being kept as a prisoner in one’s own house, rather than in a prison

Выберите один ответ:

a. parole

b. house arrest

c. suspended sentence

d. probation

What’s the focus of tort law?

Выберите один ответ:

a. what the victim can do about the financial harm the victim has suffered

b. to provide some basic protection to society from clearly ant-social acts

c. to decide if a person is a criminal and, if so, how the person should be punished

Are there any acts which are considered to be crimes in one country but not in another?

Выберите один ответ:

a. No, because all the human societies have similar laws based on human nature.

b. The question has no answer because it is put up incorrectly

c. Yes, because rules or laws are the agreements between the society and the state , so the agreements may vary in different societies and the states

Все слова в тексте были хорошо знакомы, и им незачем было пользоваться словарём. Это только отняло у них больше времени.

Выберите один ответ:

a. All the words in the text were quite familiar to them and they needn’t have used the dictionary. It took them more time.

b. All the words in the text were quite familiar to them and they mustn’t have used the dictionary. It had taken them more time.

c. All the words in the text were quite familiar to them and they needn’t use the dictionary. It has taken them more time.

d. All the words in the text were quite familiar to them and they didn’t have to use the dictionary. It took them more time.

Вам не нужно было так торопиться; нужно было быть здесь не раньше пяти

Выберите один ответ:

a. You needn’t have hurried so much; you were to be here not before 5.

b. You needn’t hurry so much; you are to be here not before 5.

c. You mustn’t have hurried so much; you need to be here not before 5.

d. You don’t have hurried so much; you might be here not before 5.

What relations doesn’t Civil Legislation regulate?

Выберите один ответ:

a. inviolability of property

b. property relations based on administrative or other governmental subordination of one party to another

c. relations between persons engaged in entrepreneurial activities

d. inalieable human rights and freedoms and other nonmaterial values

e. the freedom of contract

You are leaving for the airport. You can’t find your passport. You say: “I wish I _______ my passport.”

Выберите один ответ:

a. must find

b. could find

c. could have find

d. could have found

________ damages are awarded to punish a wrongdoer.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Compensatory

b. Ordinary

c. Punitive

d. Monetary

Тебе надо было прочесть своё сочинение ещё раз, там, должно быть есть ошибки.

Выберите один ответ:

a. You must have read your composition once more, there must be some mistakes.

b. You should have read your composition once more, there must be some mistakes.

c. You should have read your composition once more, there must have been mistakes.

d. You were to read your composition once more, there might have been mistakes.

Он не должен был так грубо разговаривать. Это могло обидеть её.

Выберите один ответ:

a. He wasn’t able to speak so rudely. It could hurt her feelings.

b. He mustn’t have spoken so rudely. It might hurt her feelings.

c. He needn’t have spoken so rude. It could have hurt her feelings.

d. He shouldn’t have spoken so rudely. It might have hurt her feelings.

Read the text “Criminal Procedure”(p. 283-285) and choose the right variant according to the text:

PRETRIALSTAGE.

A criminal case passes through several phases before trial. At the first stage the crime is reported and investigated. Then, if there is “probable cause”, i.e. reasonable grounds (something more than mere suspicion to believe that a particular person committed the crime)the person can be arrested. An arrest warrant is necessary unless the pressure of time requires immediate action (e.g. before the suspect flees). Finally, criminal charges must be lodged against the defendant. Depending on the state, the charges are called either an indictment (by a grand jury) or information (by a magistrate or police officer).They must be based on probable cause, preponderance of evidence, or prosecutor’s evidence that supports a belief in the defendant’s guilt. In the USA most cases are resolved without a trial. Attorneys for the defence and prosecution usually reach a plea bargain. The judge must decide whether the guilty plea was freely given and whether there was some factual basis for the plea, but judicial disapproval of an agreed upon plea is rare.

BURDEN OF PROOF.

At the trial there is crucial difference between criminal and civil cases in the level of proof required. A civil plaintiff merely needs a preponderance of the evidence; the judge only needs to find that the evidence favours the plaintiff over the defendant. A successful criminal prosecution requires proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The prosecuting counsel opens the case with a short description of the events of the crime and calls his witnesses. After taking an oath by the witness the prosecuting counsel begins his examination by asking the witness his/her name, profession, place of domicile. In English law, witnesses are not allowed to make lengthy statements to the court. It is the duty of the attorneys for both parties to examine and cross-examine witnesses.

THE ORDER OF PROCEEDINGS.

The session is opened by the court called to order by the Clerk of the Court. The judge enters. The clerk says: “All rise”. Everyone stands up and waits for the judge to take his seat. The accused is brought into the dock and the clerk asks for his or her name. The accused answers with the appropriate plea. In English law a person is innocent until proven guilty. This means that in a trial the burden of proof is on the prosecution and if the prosecution cannot establish a reasonable cause for conviction the court must acquit the accused. Both the defence and prosecution give their closing arguments, the prosecution going first. The judge sums up the evidence and instructs the jury on their duties. He reminds the jury that if there is any doubt at all in 285 their minds they must acquit the defendant. The jury retires to the jury room to consider the verdict. The verdict “not guilty” does not necessarily mean that the judge or jury believe the defendant to be innocent. It is simply a finding that there was insufficient evidence to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

EVIDENCE.

Criminal trial courts have numerous, complex rules about what evidence is admissible, and how it may be introduced. The rules are supposed to exclude irrelevant, unreliable, or unfairly prejudicial matters, especially in jury cases (the system presupposes that a judge is less likely to be swayed by improper evidence). The jury’s verdict is to be based solely on the evidence properly brought out at the trial. Otherwise proper, highly relevant evidence may be excluded because it was obtained in violation of a defendant’s constitutional rights. Criminal appeals are often decided on such so-called technical issues.

APPEALS.

The appeal is a petition for review of a case that has been decided by a court of law. The petition made to a higher court for the purpose of overturning the lower court’s decision. The specific procedures for appealing can vary greatly depending on the type of case and jurisdiction where the case was prosecuted. The appeal system is mostly for the benefit of the defendant, but it is possible for the prosecution to appeal for a retrial. Appellate courts cannot overturn a verdict simply because they disagree with it — e.g., with how the jury weighed the evidence and decided to believe one witness more than another witness. Appeals tend to focus on problems in the trial, judge’s legal ruling, the instructions to the jury, and the trial procedures, not simply in the judge’s factual interpretations.

There is a special order of proceedings and the session starts with …

Выберите один ответ:

a. interpreting the law

b. the prosecutor’s statement.

c. the appropriate plea of the accused

d. the defence opening speech.

Она не должна была закрывать окно так быстро, надо было проветрить комнату получше.

Выберите один ответ:

a. She mustn’t close the window so quickly, she must have aired the room a bit better.

b. She shouldn’t have closed the window so quickly, she should have aired the room a bit better.

c. She mustn’t have closed the window so quickly, she should air the room a bit better.

d. She isn’t to have closed the window so quickly, the room should have been aired better.

But for the heat I _______ working in this country.

Выберите один ответ:

a. wouldn’t have liked

b. liked

c. would like

d. will like

The message _________ in time as we received an immediate answer.

Выберите один ответ:

a. might not have been delivered

b. must have been delivered

c. might not have been delivered

d. can’t have been delivered

owned by a person or company and sold under a trademark or patent

Выберите один ответ:

a. defenсe

b. proprietary

c. obligations

d. equality

What is “hacking”?

Выберите один ответ:

a. It’s taking control of an aircraft or other vehicle during a journey, especially using violence

b. It’s harassment

c. It’s unauthorized access to personal data

d. It’s assault

How do we name a person who takes things from a shop without paying?

Выберите один ответ:

a. burglar

b. thief

c. cleptomaniac

d. shoplifter

We had a wonderful time at the party. You ______ there.

Выберите один ответ:

a. should have been

b. must have been

c. should be

d. shouldn’t have been

There are many specific torts, such as_________ , assault and negligence.

Выберите один ответ:

a. trespass

b. negligence

c. harm

d. battery

Read the text. Replace the Russian word in brackets with the English equivalents given in the box:

Types of Damages

injunctive relief, compensatory damages, defendant’s actions, lost income, to recover, bad faith, malice, punitive damages, temporary restraining orders, plaintiff

In most tort cases, the ______ (истец) is seeking damages (i.e. money). Generally speaking, there are two major categories of damages a plaintiff can _______ (взыскать убытки) in a personal injury case: (i) ________ (компенсаторные убытки) and (ii) punitive damages. “Compensatory damages” are designed to “compensate” the plaintiff for what the plaintiff has lost or endured (e.g. medical bills, lost wages, _______ (упущенная выгода), physical pain and suffering and mental/emotional pain and suffering) as the result of the _______ (действий ответчика). ________ (Денежное возмещение в виде наказания ответчика) are designed to punish the defendant for his actions. However, punitive damages are only awarded in extraordinary situations where the plaintiff proved that the defendant acted with (злой умысел) or intent — negligence is not enough. The law permits punitive damages in order to discourage similar acts in the future by the same defendant or other persons. Punitive damages are usually awarded in cases involving fraud, _______ (недобросовестность) or intentional acts. Some tort cases also seek what the law calls _______ (судебный запрет). Injunctive relief involves a court order requiring or preventing the defendant from doing or continuing to do a certain act. This type of relief includes such things as _______ (временный судебный запрет) and permanent injunctions. A plaintiff can request both injunctive relief as well as monetary damages in the same lawsuit.

Выберите один ответ:

a. plaintiff; recover; compensatory damages; lost income; defendant’s actions; punitive damages; malice; bad faith; injunctive relief; temporary restraining orders;

b. plaintiff; malice; bad faith; injunctive relief; temporary restraining orders; plaintiff; recover; compensatory damages; lost income; defendant’s actions; punitive damages

c. plaintiff; recover; compensatory damages; lost income; defendant’s actions; punitive damages; injunctive relief; temporary restraining orders; malice; bad faith;

d. plaintiff ;injunctive relief; temporary restraining orders; recover; compensatory damages; lost income; defendant’s actions; punitive damages; malice; bad faith

But for the grandmother’s operation they ______ .

Выберите один ответ:

a. will go

b. would have gone

c. have gone

d. went

Он, должно быть письма не получал.

Выберите один ответ:

a. He mustn’t receive the letter.

b. He mustn’t got the letter.

c. He mightn’t receive the letter.

d. He must have never got the letter.

Вчера был его день рождения. Ты бы хоть открытку ему послал.

Выберите один ответ:

a. It was his birthday yesterday. You must have sent him a birthday card.

b. It was his birthday yesterday. You should send him a birthday card.

c. It was his birthday yesterday. You should have sent him a birthday card.

d. It was his birthday yesterday. You might send him a birthday card.

What kind of punishment requires the offender to do a certain amount of unpaid work usually for a social institution such as a hospital

Выберите один ответ:

a. probation

b. restricting freedom

c. community service

d. parole

Не может быть, чтобы никто не заметил, как он сделал это.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Nobody can have seen him do it.

b. Nobody had been able to see him do it.

c. Nobody was able to see him do it.

d. Nobody can see him do it.

What is a smuggler ?

Выберите один ответ:

a. Someone who kills a famous or important person usually for political reasons or in exchange for money

b. Someone who takes things or people to or from a place secretly and often illegally

c. Someone who secretly takes money that is in your care or that belongs to an organization or business you work for:

d. A person who illegally enters buildings and steals things

Physical punishment, such as flogging or beating

Выберите один ответ:

a. corporal punishment

b. jail

c. probation

d. imprisonment

She _________ there even though she_______ to walk all the way.

Выберите один ответ:

a. have gone; had had

b. would have gone; had

c. didn’t go; didn’t have

d. will go; will have

What’s the essential difference between Civil and Criminal procedures?

Выберите один ответ:

a. Civil actions are started by private individuals, companies or organizations and Criminal procedures are started mainly by the state.

b. Criminal and civil cases are usually heard in different courts.

c. Juries are always used in civil cases as well as in criminal ones.

d. Criminal and civil procedures are so different that they can’t be compared and there is no use in searching difference between them.

What kind of punishment requires the offender to do a certain amount of unpaid work usually for a social institution such as a hospital

Выберите один ответ:

a. restricting freedom

b. parole

c. probation

d. community service

Неужели ты не помнишь, что я сказал? Тебе бы следовало слушать более внимательно.

Выберите один ответ:

a. You can’t remember what I said, you should have listened more carefully.

b. You can’t remember what I said, you should listen more carefully.

c. You can’t remember what I said, you must have listened more carefully.

d. You can’t remember what I said, you might listen more carefully.

Read the text “Criminal Procedure”(p. 283-285) and choose the right variant according to the text:

PRETRIALSTAGE.

A criminal case passes through several phases before trial. At the first stage the crime is reported and investigated. Then, if there is “probable cause”, i.e. reasonable grounds (something more than mere suspicion to believe that a particular person committed the crime)the person can be arrested. An arrest warrant is necessary unless the pressure of time requires immediate action (e.g. before the suspect flees). Finally, criminal charges must be lodged against the defendant. Depending on the state, the charges are called either an indictment (by a grand jury) or information (by a magistrate or police officer).They must be based on probable cause, preponderance of evidence, or prosecutor’s evidence that supports a belief in the defendant’s guilt. In the USA most cases are resolved without a trial. Attorneys for the defence and prosecution usually reach a plea bargain. The judge must decide whether the guilty plea was freely given and whether there was some factual basis for the plea, but judicial disapproval of an agreed upon plea is rare.

BURDEN OF PROOF.

At the trial there is crucial difference between criminal and civil cases in the level of proof required. A civil plaintiff merely needs a preponderance of the evidence; the judge only needs to find that the evidence favours the plaintiff over the defendant. A successful criminal prosecution requires proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The prosecuting counsel opens the case with a short description of the events of the crime and calls his witnesses. After taking an oath by the witness the prosecuting counsel begins his examination by asking the witness his/her name, profession, place of domicile. In English law, witnesses are not allowed to make lengthy statements to the court. It is the duty of the attorneys for both parties to examine and cross-examine witnesses.

THE ORDER OF PROCEEDINGS.

The session is opened by the court called to order by the Clerk of the Court. The judge enters. The clerk says: “All rise”. Everyone stands up and waits for the judge to take his seat. The accused is brought into the dock and the clerk asks for his or her name. The accused answers with the appropriate plea. In English law a person is innocent until proven guilty. This means that in a trial the burden of proof is on the prosecution and if the prosecution cannot establish a reasonable cause for conviction the court must acquit the accused. Both the defence and prosecution give their closing arguments, the prosecution going first. The judge sums up the evidence and instructs the jury on their duties. He reminds the jury that if there is any doubt at all in 285 their minds they must acquit the defendant. The jury retires to the jury room to consider the verdict. The verdict “not guilty” does not necessarily mean that the judge or jury believe the defendant to be innocent. It is simply a finding that there was insufficient evidence to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

EVIDENCE.

Criminal trial courts have numerous, complex rules about what evidence is admissible, and how it may be introduced. The rules are supposed to exclude irrelevant, unreliable, or unfairly prejudicial matters, especially in jury cases (the system presupposes that a judge is less likely to be swayed by improper evidence). The jury’s verdict is to be based solely on the evidence properly brought out at the trial. Otherwise proper, highly relevant evidence may be excluded because it was obtained in violation of a defendant’s constitutional rights. Criminal appeals are often decided on such so-called technical issues.

APPEALS.

The appeal is a petition for review of a case that has been decided by a court of law. The petition made to a higher court for the purpose of overturning the lower court’s decision. The specific procedures for appealing can vary greatly depending on the type of case and jurisdiction where the case was prosecuted. The appeal system is mostly for the benefit of the defendant, but it is possible for the prosecution to appeal for a retrial. Appellate courts cannot overturn a verdict simply because they disagree with it — e.g., with how the jury weighed the evidence and decided to believe one witness more than another witness. Appeals tend to focus on problems in the trial, judge’s legal ruling, the instructions to the jury, and the trial procedures, not simply in the judge’s factual interpretations.

Appellate courts exist to …

Выберите один ответ:

a. soften a severe punishment.

b. correct errors in the application of the law

c. impose a more severe punishment.

d. find the defendant guilty.

Most torts involve, in some part, the doctrine of “__________.”

Выберите один ответ:

a. damage

b. negligence

c. failure

d. restriction

May civil rights be limited?

Выберите один ответ:

a. No, in no case

b. Civil law rights may be limited on the basis of federal law and only to the extent that is necessary for definite purposes

I ________ grateful if you ________ the news to yourself.

Выберите один ответ:

a. would be; kept

b. wouldn’t be; would keep

c. will be; didn’t keep

d. was; will keep

Ему не к чему было вдаваться в подробности: это всё равно не помогло.

Выберите один ответ:

a. He didn’t have to go into detail: it didn’t help at all.

b. He needn’t go into detail: it didn’t help at all.

c. He needn’t have gone into detail: it didn’t help at all.

d. He mustn’t have gone into detail: it didn’t help at all.

Read the text “Criminal Procedure”(p. 283-285) and choose the right variant according to the text:

PRETRIALSTAGE.

A criminal case passes through several phases before trial. At the first stage the crime is reported and investigated. Then, if there is “probable cause”, i.e. reasonable grounds (something more than mere suspicion to believe that a particular person committed the crime)the person can be arrested. An arrest warrant is necessary unless the pressure of time requires immediate action (e.g. before the suspect flees). Finally, criminal charges must be lodged against the defendant. Depending on the state, the charges are called either an indictment (by a grand jury) or information (by a magistrate or police officer).They must be based on probable cause, preponderance of evidence, or prosecutor’s evidence that supports a belief in the defendant’s guilt. In the USA most cases are resolved without a trial. Attorneys for the defence and prosecution usually reach a plea bargain. The judge must decide whether the guilty plea was freely given and whether there was some factual basis for the plea, but judicial disapproval of an agreed upon plea is rare.

BURDEN OF PROOF.

At the trial there is crucial difference between criminal and civil cases in the level of proof required. A civil plaintiff merely needs a preponderance of the evidence; the judge only needs to find that the evidence favours the plaintiff over the defendant. A successful criminal prosecution requires proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The prosecuting counsel opens the case with a short description of the events of the crime and calls his witnesses. After taking an oath by the witness the prosecuting counsel begins his examination by asking the witness his/her name, profession, place of domicile. In English law, witnesses are not allowed to make lengthy statements to the court. It is the duty of the attorneys for both parties to examine and cross-examine witnesses.

THE ORDER OF PROCEEDINGS.

The session is opened by the court called to order by the Clerk of the Court. The judge enters. The clerk says: “All rise”. Everyone stands up and waits for the judge to take his seat. The accused is brought into the dock and the clerk asks for his or her name. The accused answers with the appropriate plea. In English law a person is innocent until proven guilty. This means that in a trial the burden of proof is on the prosecution and if the prosecution cannot establish a reasonable cause for conviction the court must acquit the accused. Both the defence and prosecution give their closing arguments, the prosecution going first. The judge sums up the evidence and instructs the jury on their duties. He reminds the jury that if there is any doubt at all in 285 their minds they must acquit the defendant. The jury retires to the jury room to consider the verdict. The verdict “not guilty” does not necessarily mean that the judge or jury believe the defendant to be innocent. It is simply a finding that there was insufficient evidence to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

EVIDENCE.

Criminal trial courts have numerous, complex rules about what evidence is admissible, and how it may be introduced. The rules are supposed to exclude irrelevant, unreliable, or unfairly prejudicial matters, especially in jury cases (the system presupposes that a judge is less likely to be swayed by improper evidence). The jury’s verdict is to be based solely on the evidence properly brought out at the trial. Otherwise proper, highly relevant evidence may be excluded because it was obtained in violation of a defendant’s constitutional rights. Criminal appeals are often decided on such so-called technical issues.

APPEALS.

The appeal is a petition for review of a case that has been decided by a court of law. The petition made to a higher court for the purpose of overturning the lower court’s decision. The specific procedures for appealing can vary greatly depending on the type of case and jurisdiction where the case was prosecuted. The appeal system is mostly for the benefit of the defendant, but it is possible for the prosecution to appeal for a retrial. Appellate courts cannot overturn a verdict simply because they disagree with it — e.g., with how the jury weighed the evidence and decided to believe one witness more than another witness. Appeals tend to focus on problems in the trial, judge’s legal ruling, the instructions to the jury, and the trial procedures, not simply in the judge’s factual interpretations.

At the final stage …

Выберите один ответ:

a. the suspected person must be taken into custody.

b. the jury have no time to deliberate and decides on your guilt or innocence

c. criminal charges must be brought against somebody.

d. the suspected person must be arrested by the police.

Read the text “Criminal Procedure”(p. 283-285) and choose the right variant according to the text:

PRETRIALSTAGE.

A criminal case passes through several phases before trial. At the first stage the crime is reported and investigated. Then, if there is “probable cause”, i.e. reasonable grounds (something more than mere suspicion to believe that a particular person committed the crime)the person can be arrested. An arrest warrant is necessary unless the pressure of time requires immediate action (e.g. before the suspect flees). Finally, criminal charges must be lodged against the defendant. Depending on the state, the charges are called either an indictment (by a grand jury) or information (by a magistrate or police officer).They must be based on probable cause, preponderance of evidence, or prosecutor’s evidence that supports a belief in the defendant’s guilt. In the USA most cases are resolved without a trial. Attorneys for the defence and prosecution usually reach a plea bargain. The judge must decide whether the guilty plea was freely given and whether there was some factual basis for the plea, but judicial disapproval of an agreed upon plea is rare.

BURDEN OF PROOF.

At the trial there is crucial difference between criminal and civil cases in the level of proof required. A civil plaintiff merely needs a preponderance of the evidence; the judge only needs to find that the evidence favours the plaintiff over the defendant. A successful criminal prosecution requires proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The prosecuting counsel opens the case with a short description of the events of the crime and calls his witnesses. After taking an oath by the witness the prosecuting counsel begins his examination by asking the witness his/her name, profession, place of domicile. In English law, witnesses are not allowed to make lengthy statements to the court. It is the duty of the attorneys for both parties to examine and cross-examine witnesses.

THE ORDER OF PROCEEDINGS.

The session is opened by the court called to order by the Clerk of the Court. The judge enters. The clerk says: “All rise”. Everyone stands up and waits for the judge to take his seat. The accused is brought into the dock and the clerk asks for his or her name. The accused answers with the appropriate plea. In English law a person is innocent until proven guilty. This means that in a trial the burden of proof is on the prosecution and if the prosecution cannot establish a reasonable cause for conviction the court must acquit the accused. Both the defence and prosecution give their closing arguments, the prosecution going first. The judge sums up the evidence and instructs the jury on their duties. He reminds the jury that if there is any doubt at all in 285 their minds they must acquit the defendant. The jury retires to the jury room to consider the verdict. The verdict “not guilty” does not necessarily mean that the judge or jury believe the defendant to be innocent. It is simply a finding that there was insufficient evidence to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

EVIDENCE.

Criminal trial courts have numerous, complex rules about what evidence is admissible, and how it may be introduced. The rules are supposed to exclude irrelevant, unreliable, or unfairly prejudicial matters, especially in jury cases (the system presupposes that a judge is less likely to be swayed by improper evidence). The jury’s verdict is to be based solely on the evidence properly brought out at the trial. Otherwise proper, highly relevant evidence may be excluded because it was obtained in violation of a defendant’s constitutional rights. Criminal appeals are often decided on such so-called technical issues.

APPEALS.

The appeal is a petition for review of a case that has been decided by a court of law. The petition made to a higher court for the purpose of overturning the lower court’s decision. The specific procedures for appealing can vary greatly depending on the type of case and jurisdiction where the case was prosecuted. The appeal system is mostly for the benefit of the defendant, but it is possible for the prosecution to appeal for a retrial. Appellate courts cannot overturn a verdict simply because they disagree with it — e.g., with how the jury weighed the evidence and decided to believe one witness more than another witness. Appeals tend to focus on problems in the trial, judge’s legal ruling, the instructions to the jury, and the trial procedures, not simply in the judge’s factual interpretations.

At the first stage of a criminal case before trial …

Выберите один ответ:

a. the police collect evidence

b. the crime is reported and investigated.

c. the suspect may pay the bail amount in exchange for a release

d. the suspected person must be interviewed by the police.

Read the text “Criminal Procedure”(p. 283-285) and choose the right variant according to the text:

PRETRIALSTAGE.

A criminal case passes through several phases before trial. At the first stage the crime is reported and investigated. Then, if there is “probable cause”, i.e. reasonable grounds (something more than mere suspicion to believe that a particular person committed the crime)the person can be arrested. An arrest warrant is necessary unless the pressure of time requires immediate action (e.g. before the suspect flees). Finally, criminal charges must be lodged against the defendant. Depending on the state, the charges are called either an indictment (by a grand jury) or information (by a magistrate or police officer).They must be based on probable cause, preponderance of evidence, or prosecutor’s evidence that supports a belief in the defendant’s guilt. In the USA most cases are resolved without a trial. Attorneys for the defence and prosecution usually reach a plea bargain. The judge must decide whether the guilty plea was freely given and whether there was some factual basis for the plea, but judicial disapproval of an agreed upon plea is rare.

BURDEN OF PROOF.

At the trial there is crucial difference between criminal and civil cases in the level of proof required. A civil plaintiff merely needs a preponderance of the evidence; the judge only needs to find that the evidence favours the plaintiff over the defendant. A successful criminal prosecution requires proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The prosecuting counsel opens the case with a short description of the events of the crime and calls his witnesses. After taking an oath by the witness the prosecuting counsel begins his examination by asking the witness his/her name, profession, place of domicile. In English law, witnesses are not allowed to make lengthy statements to the court. It is the duty of the attorneys for both parties to examine and cross-examine witnesses.

THE ORDER OF PROCEEDINGS.

The session is opened by the court called to order by the Clerk of the Court. The judge enters. The clerk says: “All rise”. Everyone stands up and waits for the judge to take his seat. The accused is brought into the dock and the clerk asks for his or her name. The accused answers with the appropriate plea. In English law a person is innocent until proven guilty. This means that in a trial the burden of proof is on the prosecution and if the prosecution cannot establish a reasonable cause for conviction the court must acquit the accused. Both the defence and prosecution give their closing arguments, the prosecution going first. The judge sums up the evidence and instructs the jury on their duties. He reminds the jury that if there is any doubt at all in 285 their minds they must acquit the defendant. The jury retires to the jury room to consider the verdict. The verdict “not guilty” does not necessarily mean that the judge or jury believe the defendant to be innocent. It is simply a finding that there was insufficient evidence to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

EVIDENCE.

Criminal trial courts have numerous, complex rules about what evidence is admissible, and how it may be introduced. The rules are supposed to exclude irrelevant, unreliable, or unfairly prejudicial matters, especially in jury cases (the system presupposes that a judge is less likely to be swayed by improper evidence). The jury’s verdict is to be based solely on the evidence properly brought out at the trial. Otherwise proper, highly relevant evidence may be excluded because it was obtained in violation of a defendant’s constitutional rights. Criminal appeals are often decided on such so-called technical issues.

APPEALS.

The appeal is a petition for review of a case that has been decided by a court of law. The petition made to a higher court for the purpose of overturning the lower court’s decision. The specific procedures for appealing can vary greatly depending on the type of case and jurisdiction where the case was prosecuted. The appeal system is mostly for the benefit of the defendant, but it is possible for the prosecution to appeal for a retrial. Appellate courts cannot overturn a verdict simply because they disagree with it — e.g., with how the jury weighed the evidence and decided to believe one witness more than another witness. Appeals tend to focus on problems in the trial, judge’s legal ruling, the instructions to the jury, and the trial procedures, not simply in the judge’s factual interpretations.

The verdict “not guilty” means that … .

Выберите один ответ:

a. the jury considers the defendant to be innocent.

b. the defendant is acquitted

c. that you've never done anything bad in life

d. there was insufficient evidence to prove the guilt beyond reasonable doubt.

Perhaps it was true, I am not sure. She ________ to tell you the truth.

Выберите один ответ:

a. needn’t have been ashamed

b. may have been ashamed

c. can’t have been ashamed

d. must have been ashamed

Зря ты сел на этот поезд.

Выберите один ответ:

a. You didn’t have to catch this train.

b. You mustn’t have caught this train.

c. You needn’t have caught this train.

d. You needn’t catch this train.

The most severe of all sentences: that of death. Also known as the death penalty

Выберите один ответ:

a. capital punishment

b. suspended sentence

c. corporal punishment

d. imprisonment

I wish I _______ how to drive a car.

Выберите один ответ:

a. have known

b. will have known

c. will know

d. knew

There is no corporal punishment in _________.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Russia

b. Zimbabwe

c. Malaysia

d. Pakistan

Я нигде не могу найти свою сумку. – Может, вы оставили её в магазине?

Выберите один ответ:

a. I can’t find my bag. – You may left it in the shop.

b. I can’t find my bag. – You might leave it in the shop.

c. I can’t find my bag. – You might have left it in the shop.

d. I can’t find my bag. – You may be leaving it in the shop.

_______the bad road we would have come long before.

Выберите один ответ:

a. Provided

b. Unless

c. But for

d. If

Она, должно быть не старалась сделать это правильно.

Выберите один ответ:

a. She must take no trouble to do it correctly.

b. She must have taken no trouble to do it correctly.

c. She might not have taken any trouble to do it correctly.

d. She might take no trouble to do it correctly.

Choose the right transcription for the word “entrepreneurial”

Выберите один ответ:

a. [entreprinj´uriəl]

b. [entrepre´neurial]

c. [͵ͻntrəprə́́́́́nə:riəl]

d. [´entre´prenijurial]

Неужели он не заметил вас вчера?

Выберите один ответ:

a. Can he have failed to notice you yesterday?

b. Didn’t he see you yesterday?

c. Could he fail to notice you yesterday?

d. Haven’t he noticed you yesterday?

What remedy can’t be in the civil cases?

Выберите один ответ:

a. an injunction to restrain certain actions

b. damages

c. restitution

d. capital punishment

to identify a suspect

Выберите один ответ:

a. опознать подозрительного человека

b. узнать преступника

c. установить личность подозреваемого

d. выразить подозрение